How To Introduce Evidence In An Essay Examples

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Are Writers Born Or Made? Jack Kerouac On The Crucial Difference Between Talent And Genius

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Does Your States Prepaid Tuition Plan Make Sense

While stock portfolios and home values suffered major losses and "safe" investments turned out to be anything but over the past 18 months, many parents and grandparents are wondering if there's a better hedge against ever-escalating college costs than prepaid tuition programs. After all, as the recession knocked 55 percent off the stock market's value and a nearly equal percentage was lopped off home values in some parts of the country, college tuition continued to chug ever higher and seems bound to join death and taxes as virtual certainties. At first glance, prepaid tuition plans may appear to be that perfect hedge: They can look like a method to buy "tomorrow's tuition at today's prices," thereby eliminating an investor from relying on appreciation in the value of other asset classes. The Florida Prepaid College Plan nicely illustrates the point and may prove helpful not only to Floridians, but also to residents in other states that are considering prepaid tuition programs. Let's begin by dispelling the biggest misconception about the Florida Prepaid College Plan, and perhaps those of some other states as well. Prepaid tuition plans are often thought of, or even marketed as, "buying future tuition at today's prices." With regard to the Florida Prepaid College Plan, that is not the case at all. In fact, you're buying future tuition -- but at very inflated prices. First, keep in mind that the cost of the plan depends on the age and grade of the child when you purchase the plan. Secondly, the plan can be paid for in a lump-sum, upfront payment or on a five-year or monthly payment plan in which the payment never increases. Let's say you wanted to purchase the plan for your child who is enrolled in kindergarten this year -- and who would be entering college in 2022. Under the lump sum plan, the single-payment for 120 credit hours would be $15,202.65. But the plan also provides for a "Tuition Differential Plan" fee -- an added charge which is described as allowing Florida state universities to "raise revenue to improve the quality of undergraduate instruction and to increase the availability of financial aid." The tuition differential fee for this same child this year would be $17,745.31. Therefore, the total lump-sum or single-payment cost to purchase this prepaid plan for a kindergarten student would be $32,947.96 -- or $274.56 per credit hour. The price goes down the older your child is because fewer years will elapse until your child enters school and, presumably, the tuition and differential costs will not rise as much: 2nd grade -- $269.10 6th grade -- $246.46 8th grade -- $213.20 Needless to say, if the current cost per credit hour at Florida state universities is $102.33, it doesn't take an MBA to recognize you're not paying anything close to today's prices on that future tuition. For the cost per credit hour to rise from $102.33 to $213.20 by the time today's eighth-grader reaches college, the assumption is that costs rise at 15 percent annually for the next five years. Even if that proves to be the case, the parent of an eighth-grader will have managed only to buy future tuition at future prices -- but pay for it today. Under Florida law, the aggregate sum of base tuition and the tuition differential may not be increased by more than 15 percent over the preceding fiscal year. Should prices rise slower than 15 percent annually, then the prepaid plan turns out to be a money-losing investment as the parent will actually be paying more per credit hour than the students who did not purchase a prepaid plan. This particular package is not the only option provided in the Florida Prepaid College Plan. One can purchase the base four-year state university tuition plan that excludes the tuition differential fee. The cost for an eighth-grader comes out to $119.76 per credit hour, a price that is "only" 35 percent above the current base tuition level. However, base tuition in Florida is more closely regulated by the state and unlikely to come anywhere near a 15 percent annual increase. Some may purchase the tuition plan without the tuition differential -- thinking they are saving money -- but it would mean much higher payouts in the long term. Using a monthly payment plan or a five-year payment plan for the Florida Prepaid College Plan, instead of the lump sum, means financing those payments at an "average effective interest rate of 3.88 percent" which involves not only paying the aforementioned hefty premium -- but financing it as well. What happens if you cancel the plan? Different states have different rules, but the Florida plan permits you to get your money back. But you only get back what you invested, with no interest, and less any administrative fees. In effect, you earn a negative real return as the money returned to you isn't adjusted for inflation or tuition increases in the period of time it was invested. What follows is a brief recap of the pricing in several other states offering a prepaid tuition plan to its residents. As you can see, most -- but not all -- charge a substantial premium, although none as large as Florida's tuition and fee differential package. Illinois Program name: College Illinois! Cost/Benefit: This prepaid tuition plan has three basic plans: Community College Plan covering Illinois community colleges. University Plan covering Illinois public universities, except for University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). University+ Plan covering UIUC. A multitude of pricing schedules exists. A family that signs up for two semesters of the University+ Plan in January 2010 (lump-sum payment option due March 1, 2010) for a ninth-grader will pay $19,659 or $655.30 per credit hour. The most expensive curriculum at UIUC currently costs $561.60 per credit hour. Maryland Program name: College Savings Plan of Maryland -- Prepaid College Trust Cost/Benefit: A family that signs up for the one-year University Plan for a ninth-grader will pay $9,876 or $329.20 per credit hour (lump-sum payment option). The payment is due Aug. 1, 2010. The projected weighted average tuition and fees at Maryland public universities in 2010-11 is $8,113 or $270.43 per credit hour. Michigan Program name: Michigan Education Trust (MET) Cost/Benefit: A family signing up for one year of the Full Benefits contract for a ninth-grader (lump-sum option with payment due with application) will pay $12,800 or $427.00 per credit hour. The Full Benefits contract is appropriate for the student who intends to enroll at one of the more expensive Michigan public universities (tuition for 2009-10 at the University of Michigan is $11,659 for lower-division students and $13,141 for upper-division students). The Limited Benefits contract costs substantially less -- $10,310 for a year or $343.67 per credit hour -- but caps the payout at 105 percent of the weighted average tuition at Michigan publics. According to MET's Web site the weighted average tuition in 2009-10 of Michigan's four-year public institutions is $9,372 or $302.27 per credit hour. Mississippi Program name: Mississippi Prepaid Affordable College Tuition (MPACT) Program Cost/Benefit: A family that signs up for one year of the University Plan for a ninth-grader (lump-sum payment option due Feb.1, 2010) will pay $5,161 for up to 32 credit hours or $161.28 per credit hour. The 2009-10 weighted average tuition for Mississippi universities covered by this plan is $154.59 per credit hour. Nevada Program name: Nevada Prepaid Tuition Program Cost/Benefit: A family that signs up for one year of the University Plan for a ninth-grader (lump-sum payment option due May 15, 2010) will pay $5,237 or $174.57 per credit hour. The 2009-10 tuition at the University of Nevada is $136.00 per credit hour. Pennsylvania Program name: Pennsylvania Guaranteed Savings Plan Cost/Benefit: The tuition credits purchased through this plan are redeemable for an amount equal to average tuition at schools within one of five categories. The participant selects the category, either: The PA State System of Higher Education. PA State-related Universities. PA Community Colleges. Ivy League Colleges. Private Four-Year Colleges. A family selecting the first or third categories will pay a price for their tuition credits equal to current average tuition at those institutions; a family selecting the second category will pay a price for their tuition credits 8 percent above current average tuition at State-related Universities; and a family selecting the fourth or fifth categories will pay a price for their tuition credits 2 percent above current average tuition at those institutions. Participants in this plan are also charged an annual account-maintenance fee equal to 0.49 percent ($4.90 on each $1,000 of value). Tennessee Program name: Tennessee's BEST Prepaid College Tuition Plan Cost/Benefit: Each unit acquired in this plan is worth 1 percent of the weighted average tuition at Tennessee's public four-year universities and may be redeemed for use at any eligible educational institution in the country. The per-unit price is $72.52 per unit as of Jan. 1, 2010. The per-unit payout value for the 2009-10 school year is $61.20 per unit. Texas Program name: Texas Tuition Promise Fund Cost/Benefit: Because this particular plan was designed by the Texas legislature to shift investment risk to the state schools, participating families are able to purchase future Texas tuition at today's prices -- no premium is charged. However, a student attending a private college or out-of-state institution will receive the lesser of in-state tuition value or the original price paid plus actual fund investment performance. Virginia Program name: Virginia Prepaid Education Program (VPEP) Cost/Benefit: A family that signs up for one year of the University Plan for a ninth-grader (lump sum payment option due May, 1, 2010) will pay $11,083 or $369.43 per credit hour. Virginia tuition varies widely among its public institutions. For the 2009-10 school year, the highest-cost institution is VMI with tuition of $11,190 or $373 per credit hour. However, the average tuition at Virginia's public institutions is $7,995 or $266.50 per credit hour. Washington Program name: Guaranteed Education Tuition (GET) Cost/Benefit: Each unit in this plan is worth 1 percent of the resident undergraduate tuition at the highest-priced Washington state public university and may be redeemed for use at any eligible institution in the country. The per-unit price is $101 through April 1, 2010. The per-unit payout value for the 2009-10 school year is $76. Posted January 8, 2010 While stock portfolios and home values suffered major losses and "safe" investments turned out to be anything but over the past 18 months, many parents and grandparents are wondering if there's a better hedge against ever-escalating college costs than prepaid tuition programs. After all, as the recession knocked 55 percent off the stock market's value and a nearly equal percentage was lopped off home values in some parts of the country, college tuition continued to chug ever higher and seems bound to join death and taxes as virtual certainties. At first glance, prepaid tuition plans may appear to be that perfect hedge: They can look like a method to buy "tomorrow's tuition at today's prices," thereby eliminating an investor from relying on appreciation in the value of other asset classes. The Florida Prepaid College Plan nicely illustrates the point and may prove helpful not only to Floridians, but also to residents in other states that are considering prepaid tuition programs. Let's begin by dispelling the biggest misconception about the Florida Prepaid College Plan, and perhaps those of some other states as well. Prepaid tuition plans are often thought of, or even marketed as, "buying future tuition at today's prices." With regard to the Florida Prepaid College Plan, that is not the case at all. In fact, you're buying future tuition -- but at very inflated prices. First, keep in mind that the cost of the plan depends on the age and grade of the child when you purchase the plan. Secondly, the plan can be paid for in a lump-sum, upfront payment or on a five-year or monthly payment plan in which the payment never increases. Let's say you wanted to purchase the plan for your child who is enrolled in kindergarten this year -- and who would be entering college in 2022. Under the lump sum plan, the single-payment for 120 credit hours would be $15,202.65. But the plan also provides for a "Tuition Differential Plan" fee -- an added charge which is described as allowing Florida state universities to "raise revenue to improve the quality of undergraduate instruction and to increase the availability of financial aid." The tuition differential fee for this same child this year would be $17,745.31. Therefore, the total lump-sum or single-payment cost to purchase this prepaid plan for a kindergarten student would be $32,947.96 -- or $274.56 per credit hour. The price goes down the older your child is because fewer years will elapse until your child enters school and, presumably, the tuition and differential costs will not rise as much: 2nd grade -- $269.10 6th grade -- $246.46 8th grade -- $213.20 Needless to say, if the current cost per credit hour at Florida state universities is $102.33, it doesn't take an MBA to recognize you're not paying anything close to today's prices on that future tuition. For the cost per credit hour to rise from $102.33 to $213.20 by the time today's eighth-grader reaches college, the assumption is that costs rise at 15 percent annually for the next five years. Even if that proves to be the case, the parent of an eighth-grader will have managed only to buy future tuition at future prices -- but pay for it today. Under Florida law, the aggregate sum of base tuition and the tuition differential may not be increased by more than 15 percent over the preceding fiscal year. Should prices rise slower than 15 percent annually, then the prepaid plan turns out to be a money-losing investment as the parent will actually be paying more per credit hour than the students who did not purchase a prepaid plan. This particular package is not the only option provided in the Florida Prepaid College Plan. One can purchase the base four-year state university tuition plan that excludes the tuition differential fee. The cost for an eighth-grader comes out to $119.76 per credit hour, a price that is "only" 35 percent above the current base tuition level. However, base tuition in Florida is more closely regulated by the state and unlikely to come anywhere near a 15 percent annual increase. Some may purchase the tuition plan without the tuition differential -- thinking they are saving money -- but it would mean much higher payouts in the long term. Using a monthly payment plan or a five-year payment plan for the Florida Prepaid College Plan, instead of the lump sum, means financing those payments at an "average effective interest rate of 3.88 percent" which involves not only paying the aforementioned hefty premium -- but financing it as well. What happens if you cancel the plan? Different states have different rules, but the Florida plan permits you to get your money back. But you only get back what you invested, with no interest, and less any administrative fees. In effect, you earn a negative real return as the money returned to you isn't adjusted for inflation or tuition increases in the period of time it was invested. What follows is a brief recap of the pricing in several other states offering a prepaid tuition plan to its residents. As you can see, most -- but not all -- charge a substantial premium, although none as large as Florida's tuition and fee differential package. Illinois Program name: College Illinois! Cost/Benefit: This prepaid tuition plan has three basic plans: Community College Plan covering Illinois community colleges. University Plan covering Illinois public universities, except for University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). University+ Plan covering UIUC. A multitude of pricing schedules exists. A family that signs up for two semesters of the University+ Plan in January 2010 (lump-sum payment option due March 1, 2010) for a ninth-grader will pay $19,659 or $655.30 per credit hour. The most expensive curriculum at UIUC currently costs $561.60 per credit hour. Maryland Program name: College Savings Plan of Maryland -- Prepaid College Trust Cost/Benefit: A family that signs up for the one-year University Plan for a ninth-grader will pay $9,876 or $329.20 per credit hour (lump-sum payment option). The payment is due Aug. 1, 2010. The projected weighted average tuition and fees at Maryland public universities in 2010-11 is $8,113 or $270.43 per credit hour. Michigan Program name: Michigan Education Trust (MET) Cost/Benefit: A family signing up for one year of the Full Benefits contract for a ninth-grader (lump-sum option with payment due with application) will pay $12,800 or $427.00 per credit hour. The Full Benefits contract is appropriate for the student who intends to enroll at one of the more expensive Michigan public universities (tuition for 2009-10 at the University of Michigan is $11,659 for lower-division students and $13,141 for upper-division students). The Limited Benefits contract costs substantially less -- $10,310 for a year or $343.67 per credit hour -- but caps the payout at 105 percent of the weighted average tuition at Michigan publics. According to MET's Web site the weighted average tuition in 2009-10 of Michigan's four-year public institutions is $9,372 or $302.27 per credit hour. Mississippi Program name: Mississippi Prepaid Affordable College Tuition (MPACT) Program Cost/Benefit: A family that signs up for one year of the University Plan for a ninth-grader (lump-sum payment option due Feb.1, 2010) will pay $5,161 for up to 32 credit hours or $161.28 per credit hour. The 2009-10 weighted average tuition for Mississippi universities covered by this plan is $154.59 per credit hour. Nevada Program name: Nevada Prepaid Tuition Program Cost/Benefit: A family that signs up for one year of the University Plan for a ninth-grader (lump-sum payment option due May 15, 2010) will pay $5,237 or $174.57 per credit hour. The 2009-10 tuition at the University of Nevada is $136.00 per credit hour. Pennsylvania Program name: Pennsylvania Guaranteed Savings Plan Cost/Benefit: The tuition credits purchased through this plan are redeemable for an amount equal to average tuition at schools within one of five categories. The participant selects the category, either: The PA State System of Higher Education. PA State-related Universities. PA Community Colleges. Ivy League Colleges. Private Four-Year Colleges. A family selecting the first or third categories will pay a price for their tuition credits equal to current average tuition at those institutions; a family selecting the second category will pay a price for their tuition credits 8 percent above current average tuition at State-related Universities; and a family selecting the fourth or fifth categories will pay a price for their tuition credits 2 percent above current average tuition at those institutions. Participants in this plan are also charged an annual account-maintenance fee equal to 0.49 percent ($4.90 on each $1,000 of value). Tennessee Program name: Tennessee's BEST Prepaid College Tuition Plan Cost/Benefit: Each unit acquired in this plan is worth 1 percent of the weighted average tuition at Tennessee's public four-year universities and may be redeemed for use at any eligible educational institution in the country. The per-unit price is $72.52 per unit as of Jan. 1, 2010. The per-unit payout value for the 2009-10 school year is $61.20 per unit. Texas Program name: Texas Tuition Promise Fund Cost/Benefit: Because this particular plan was designed by the Texas legislature to shift investment risk to the state schools, participating families are able to purchase future Texas tuition at today's prices -- no premium is charged. However, a student attending a private college or out-of-state institution will receive the lesser of in-state tuition value or the original price paid plus actual fund investment performance. Virginia Program name: Virginia Prepaid Education Program (VPEP) Cost/Benefit: A family that signs up for one year of the University Plan for a ninth-grader (lump sum payment option due May, 1, 2010) will pay $11,083 or $369.43 per credit hour. Virginia tuition varies widely among its public institutions. For the 2009-10 school year, the highest-cost institution is VMI with tuition of $11,190 or $373 per credit hour. However, the average tuition at Virginia's public institutions is $7,995 or $266.50 per credit hour. Washington Program name: Guaranteed Education Tuition (GET) Cost/Benefit: Each unit in this plan is worth 1 percent of the resident undergraduate tuition at the highest-priced Washington state public university and may be redeemed for use at any eligible institution in the country. The per-unit price is $101 through April 1, 2010. The per-unit payout value for the 2009-10 school year is $76. Posted January 8, 2010

Culture Schock Essay - 1171 Words

Culture in ancient times was defined as â€Å"the sum total of the equipment of the human individual, which enables him to be attuned to his immediate environment on the historical past on the other†. It reflects in effect what humans have added to Nature. It comprises the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society and includes, in addition to the arts and letters, the value systems, traditions, modes of life and beliefs of the society. It also absorbs from other cultures and undergoes changes with time, sometimes beneficial, sometimes regressive. (Barlas, 15). Culture shock is a severe psychological reaction that results from adjusting to the realities of a society radically different from one’s own. The actual†¦show more content†¦(Marx, 5). In his original article, Oberg lists six main aspects of culture shock: 1. Strain caused by the effort to adapt. 2. Sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in relation to friends, status, prof ession and possessions. 3. Feeling rejected by or rejecting members of the new culture. 4. Confusion in role, values and self-identity. 5. Anxiety and even disgust/anger about foreign practices. 6. Feelings of helplessness, not being able to cope with the new environment. Culture shock in all its diverse form is completely normal and is part of a successful process of adaptation. Oberg also developed a model of adaptation that suggests that going abroad or working internationally put you through or cycle of distinct phases on the way to final adaptations. The first stage is the honeymoon phase, where all encounters in a new place are seen as exciting, positive and stimulating. The new life is viewed as providing endless opportunities and the manager is usually in a state of exhilaration. There is openness and curiosity, combined with a readiness to accept whatever comes. Most importantly, at this stage judgment is reserved and even minor irritations are suppressed in favor of concen trating on the n ice things about the job, the country, the colleagues, the food, etc. In the second phase, culture shock sets in- the manager realizes that something is not quite right. This experience of foreignnessShow MoreRelatedJohn Rawls Justice is Fairness1525 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. John is most known for his book titled: A Theory of Justice published in 1971, the book is now known as one of the primary texts in political philosophy. Rawls received both the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in 1999. His work in political philosophy starts at a compelling argument that states the most reasonable principles of justice are ones that everyone would accept and agree with. HeRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto Calling On The Workers Of The World2994 Words   |  12 Pagessupport and enhance legitimacy was first discussed in Stephan and Chenoweth’s findings on the success rate of such movements. It is a similar notion highlighted as well by Timothy Ash in that he allows that the significance of religious ideology, culture, and value systems on a broad scale may also influence strategic decisions to either adopt or reject nonviolence. He further uses the example more fit for the Politics of Resistance in the Middle East, of Islam: â€Å"Islam is currently associated in manyRead MoreImmigration to the United States8027 Words   |  33 Pagesimmigration, linked in part, it appears, to economic concerns.† †¢ National Academy of Science study: Smith, James P. Barry Emondston, eds., â€Å"The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration† (1997) Biggest Threat: Jobs, Culture or Security? Economic Concerns †¢ By the end of 2012, there were approximately 11.2 million undocumented immigrants in the United States, and that number remained constant into 2013 with 11.3 million undocumented immigrants. †¢ Currently, 62 percent

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essay - 1436 Words

Marijuana in The United States Marijuana is a plant and drug that has been in America ever since the colonists came over in the 1700’s, and like anything that has been around for that long the perceptions of it change over time as a society’s social values and beliefs change. Today in America marijuana is mostly illegal except for medicinal purposes in some states and for a few states who have legalized marijuana completely. In this paper I will be discussing three major topics about marijuana in the United States. The first topic that I will be talking about is the legality of marijuana and how the laws and out look of it have changed over time. The second topic I will be talking about is the impact that marijuana has and the risks and benefits that can come from it. The last topic I will be talking about is the use of marijuana and how many people are using it and what social groups are using it. There are many varying opinions on Marijuana from people of all cultures and backgrounds, and since Ame rica is a cultural melting pot the discussion about Marijuana has never been larger. Legality Marijuana has been a controversial issue lately when it comes to whether or not it should be legal or illegal. Historically in America marijuana was was not always very well received going all the way back to when it was made illegal in the early 1900’s because Mexican immigrants were bringing it in to America and some people believed that it made whoever used it to become and actShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be L egalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the m edical side of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this would

Religions Spread Through Conquest (2421 words) Essay Example For Students

Religions Spread Through Conquest (2421 words) Essay Religions Spread Through ConquestReligions Spread Through Conquest- When studying history, both in a professional and academic sense, we try to make connections between civilizations and time periods. Historians have attempted to discover universal constants of human nature, a bond that forms from continent to continent, human being to human being. Is there a constant quality that all peoples posses, and is reflected in all civilizations? Indeed, it is extremely difficult to make generalizations about centuries of modern history. To say that something is true of all of history is virtually impossible, as a counter-example exists for just about anything that can be said of any group of civilizations. To say that all religions are spread by violence is equally unfair and untrue because contrasted religions has been spread in exceedingly diverse regions of the world, by vastly different cultures. Islam, as a prime example, has been characterized inequitably by historians and the media as a religion of violence. To put it bluntly, as this article does, â€Å"Islam was mainly spread through Arab territorial conquests (Sudo, 4).† However, upon examination, it is not fair to make the generalization that Islam is a religion of violence, and one notices when looking at world religion on a whole, one finds that Islam was no more violent than any other religion. In fact, not only is Islam not a fundamentally violent philosophy, but we can also see that many other religions normally considered â€Å"non-violent,† such as Christianity or Hinduism, have been spread through bloody conquest. Thus, in searching for a universal constant of history, we ought not fall into the â€Å"fallacy of abstractions,† as Sydney J. Harris keenly puts it, and assume that because of isolated incidents and conflicts of territorial ambitions, that all religions have violent tendencies. Islam has, throughout the centuries, been somewhat a victim of circumstance indeed it ha s been perceived by many as oppressive and cruel. This belief originated over a thousand years ago, when Islamic peoples first threatened the western world. As they slowly undermined Byzantine authority, Christians became terrified of their presence, resulting in widespread animosity and aversion. Hindus and Buddhists of the South Asian subcontinent lived under Islamic law for hundreds of years (Ahmad, et. al., 186), and eventually, in the twentieth century, split the region into angry factions (Ahmad, et. al., 207). Mohammed, the prophet of Islam, was a great warrior. This invariably lead defeated peoples to believe that he begot a cult of war and violence. Over the centuries, it also has developed the ability to instill a sense of holy purpose onto its believers and soldiers, where they go into a battle of certain death for their faith in the jihad, or holy war. Even today, the jihad is still a potent source of conflict and aversion, as the many of the problems in the Middle East center around the issue of Islamic Fundamentalism and the jihads. Originally, Islam was perceived by western historians as a religion of violence and conquest; â€Å"by preying on the caravans of the Quraish, weakened them to the point of submission (Mohammed and Islam, 1).† In fact, Mohammed was a warrior, aristocrat, and brilliant strategist a stark contrast to many other holy men of history. He was forced to both defend his cities and force submission, as the passage had shown, because of the strong military powers of his religious predecessors and oppressors, the pagans of the Middle East. Islam means â€Å"submission† according to the Islam discussion in class and one might assume that the submission was attained through military and forceful means. In fact, while Mohammed preached peace from 610 to 622 AD, he attracted few converts and was persecuted by the current ruling paganistic regime. After the visions of 622 AD, he realized that his cause was even more urgent than before, and only at that point did he begin to utilize his military skills (Class Discussion). However, despite the more violent nature that his quest took, even after the revelations by Gabriel in 622 AD, †by reciting his revelations aloud, Mohammed made many converts, (Mohammed and Islam,1).† Mohammed was not a purely violent man, but also a great speaker and demagogue (Mueller, 2). He did not solely attack the pagans of the Middle East, he also attracted a great deal of converts by the truths he spoke. â€Å"If he could be ruthless, he was more often gentle, kind, generous, magnanimous. He could be Christ-like in his sympathy for the poor (Mueller,2 ).† Another non-violent way of spreading Islamic culture was through the merchant system which developed around its new centers of trade and culture in both Mecca and Medina (Ahmad, et. al., 572). People from all around the region would come to those cities to trade, and were attracted by the religion. A s Islam developed and spread rapidly, its control quickly began to encroach on Byzantine territory where it found diverse groups of people, who resented the foreign control of the flailing western power. The people viewed the Middle Eastern Islamic conquerors as liberators from the oppressive Byzantine Empire, and welcomed both Islamic soldiers and religion. In addition to other non-violent means of conquest, when Muslims actually did militarily gain territory, they allowed other religions to grow around them. They did not force conversion by slaughter in the name of Allah, as Christians often did. The Muslims were tolerant of both foreign religions, peoples, and traders. They welcomed Far Eastern merchants into their territory. In India, while they did militarily gain control of the South Asian subcontinent, they never forced conversion, nor did they enter the territory with a religious intent. Indeed, the reason that the Hindu and Muslim clashes arose was based on religious differ ences, which were largely initiated by the Hindus, who viewed their conquerors as heretics not the opposite (Ahmad, et. al., 186). In fact, that page of the text also notes that the first Delhi sultans set up hundreds of schools, hospitals, and other public establishments. The Koran was very tolerant, accepted many beliefs, and was another basis for the peaceful spread of Islam. The Koran, according to â€Å"The Koran† article and class discussions, appealed to the impoverished and the destitute people from all walks of life could embrace the Koran, because it was targeted at them, not at the government-ranking aristocrats that most other religions were centered around, as those religions had been created for the purpose of social control, rather than deep spiritual convictions or for spiritual well-being. The Muslim needs no priest nor intermediary to pray to Allah the only spiritual transmitter to god he needs is prayer Islam does not even require a mosque or temple for litany. The actual religion of Islam preaches decidedly against violence and speaks out against aggression. â€Å"The concept of jihad refers to†¦ inner spiritual struggle of Muslims for self control in order to do good (Sudo, 5).† Actually, the average Muslim is not violent, nor is he driven by any form of holy conquest. Islam has been unfairly depicted as a religion spread through Jihad and the lure of riches and conquest. But Islam, the most unlikely of candidates, has been, throughout the centuries, a relatively tolerant religion. It has never believed in any form of religious genocide, nor had any inquisitions or messianic crusades, as religions of many other parts of the world did. In fact Akbar I of 1556-1605 AD, the third ruler of the Mughal Empire, took the ultimate steps toward tolerance, by marring a Hindu princess, and allowing Hindus a strong role in the government (Ahmad, et. al., 187). The wars that Islam fought have been rather secular, despite the fact that their government often was not. However, the same cannot be said of Christian, Hindu, and Aztec government, all which had strong ties to both violence and conquest, and indeed, while often are characterized as non-violent forms of religion (with perhaps the exception of Aztec), are equally as violent as Islam, if not more so. Perhaps the religion which has perhaps shaped the world, for better or worse, more than any other religion, has been Christianity. This is not to deny the roles of the vast numbers of religions in many parts of the world, nor which is to say that Christianity has been particularly unique. Despite the fact that the Western world likes to set European man and Christians apart from the rest of the world, their connection to imperialism, mercantilism, and social conquest is undeniably real. While Islam is seen by many as a violent religion because of its origins and the popularization of the term ’jihad,’ they have never had far-reaching imperial istic goals, nor have they preceded their soldiers with missionaries. Christians, however, as we have studied, were instrumental in the undoing of Africa, and in fact the seeds that the pious missionaries of Europe planted into African society eventually lead to the destabilization of centuries of culture and hierarchy. The missionaries poured into Africa, only to be followed by soldiers and company men it was the foothold of the missionaries that allowed Europeans to eventually dominate the continent All of which was done in the name of â€Å"saving enlightening the heathens.† Christianity is certainly not without its bloody conquest, as the most blatant example is that of the Crusades, which were, to Christians of the middle ages, the very symbol of their faith. The Christians ventured towards the holy land with the sole purpose of killing the ‘infidels’ and ridding the holy land of all Islamic influence, bringing it back into the light of Christianity. Howeve r, the Muslims in the holy land provided important technology for the Christians. In all truths, Christianity was spread to Latin America in a most brutal fashion. The Spaniards murdered millions of Indians, and wiped out civilizations of peoples not for the purpose of not only religion, but gold! The primary reason that Christianity remains the ubiquitous religion in Latin America is because the Spaniards forced conversion of their Indian slaves something that Islamic conquerors rarely did. In fact they charged a tax on their non-Muslim subjects, which eventually lead to conversion by choice rather than by force. Christians in the Americas came to dominate the continent by using their superior technology to forcefully overwhelm, enslave, or force conversion on inhabitants, in contrast to the Islamic people, who attracted converts from an economic standpoint, but also came to absorb many conquered peoples, as evident in the cultural blending of South Asia, which eventually fell apa rt for secular reasons (Ahmad, et. al., 186). Spaniards burned books, temples, and sculptures, and quelled all rebellion by the once mighty Americans (Ahmad, et. al., 46). The Spanish enslaved the Indians of Central and South America, while the British, Dutch, and French enslaved the Africans. Another religion with ties to violence is Hinduism. While that may perhaps be a startling revelation, history proves that it has had many violent incidents and tendencies. It was originally a product of the early Aryans, a war-like people who stormed into South Asia, sacking cities and eventually covering virtually all traces of the early culture of the Indus Valley. These Aryans transmuted their beliefs onto the now helpless people of the Indus river, and created what would eventually be Hinduism. While Hinduism remained relatively non-violent throughout the centuries, when the first Muslim invaders appeared and they clashed in both a philosophical and violent sense. Hindu violence returned i n the mid-twentieth century, when they finally regained control of India. They smashed a Muslim temple at Ayodhya (Ahmad, et. al., 207), and Sikh and Tamil rebel groups rebel against their authority. However, what is even more notable about Hinduism, is its rigid caste system, in which peoples have set social classes, that are totally unchangeable, and are products of the religion. The untouchables were considered as low as animals, and forced to do menial work such as sweeping and leather working. They were forced into a life of separatism, and the rest of Hindu culture either ignored them completely or hated them. And on the other side of the world, in Central America, the Aztec people were powerful warriors, who swept across the Mexican plains, conquering villages and whole peoples (Ahmad, et. al., 450). Their religion consisted of brutal human sacrifices of enemy slaves in fact the sacrifices grew so many in number that they were watching their population decline significantly, which eventually allowed the Spanish invaders to overcome them. When we look at the aggregate spectrum of cultures and religions, we see a significant relationship between religions and violence, one could conclude that much of the world’s problems today are echoes of past religious exploits in places such as Latin America, India, and Africa. To say that religion on a whole is violent and counter productive would be a massive abstraction and a false one too. In fact, the purpose of this essay is not to denigrate the notion of organized religion, but to clarify the purpose of the Islamic religion, and to dispel the commonly held notion that Islam is solely a cult of violence. Through the ages, religion brought light to literally billions of people. It has inspired artists, scientists, writers and scholars. It was the founding basis of Western Civilization, and our entire society. We cannot deny it’s overriding role in our history. The purpose of this essay is also not to contrast Islam as good and Christianity as bad. Truly, Islam, when closely examined, is a rather tolerant and non-violent religion it has no history of imperialism, nor has it ever forced the conversion of mass people. Whatever violence it has created, it is at least not any worse than any other religion. In summary, it is not fair to say that religions are fundamentally violent, nor does it do justice the study of history, which indeed proves to us that often religion had a far nobler purpose. Would our world perhaps have been a better place? That question can never be answered We do know, however, that religion was both violent and beneficial to classify it as one or the other would not do it justice. However, we will continue our search for the universal constant, and perhaps the study of religion will someday bring us closer to the truth. Atlanta Reconstruction Essay Religion Essays